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- BBS: Channel 1(R) Communications [ATI 2400 v.42] 617-354-7077
- Date: 02-18-93 (14:45) Number: 13468
- To: KIRT MCALEXANDER Refer#: NONE
- From: JACK HOCH Read: NO
- Subj: OPTIONS REPOST 2 OF 3 Status: PUBLIC MSG
- Conf: Finance (52) Direction: FORWARD
-
- Now, in-the-money options are less risky because they already possess
- what is known as "intrinsic value". For instance, the DEC 55 calls
- in Case 1 are selling for $5½ (really $5.50 x 100 = $550.00 plus
- commission per contract). The stock price of IBM is $60. One DEC 55
- call contract gives you the right to buy 100 shares of IBM at $55.00
- between now and option expiration. So, if the stock is at $60, you
- could immediately exercise your DEC 55 call and buy 100 shares of IBM
- at 55! You could then sell the stock on the open market for $60.00/
- share, immediately realizing a $5/share profit (minus commission).
- But, since you paid $550 (really $550.00 + commission) for the right to
- do this, you're actually out the commission and a little more. Even so,
- the option you're buying has an immediate "intrinsic value" of $5
- per contract and is said to be "in the money". That extra $0.50 per
- contract you paid was the "time value" of the option. Out of the money
- options have no "intrinsic value". They are 100% "time value".
-
- Looking at Case 2 and assuming you bought the DEC 55 options as
- priced in Case 1, you see you've again lost some money, but not
- nearly as much as you would have percentage-wise had you bought the
- out-of-the-money 65 calls. In two weeks, the stock hasn't moved,
- and your options have declined in value from 5½ to 5. The out of
- the money calls went from ¼ to 1/16 (worthless).
-
- Now in most cases, for EQUAL AMOUNTS of contracts purchased, your
- absolute loss is less with the out-of-the-money calls than with the
- in-the-money calls, but the percentage lost is greater. Again, I'm
- ignoring commissions.
-
-
- Out of the money:
-
- 4 DEC 65 contracts at ¼ initially cost you $100.00.
-
- After 2 weeks, this position is worthless. You've lost $100.00
- which was 100% of your invested capital.
-
-
- In the money:
-
- 4 DEC 55 contracts at 5½ initially cost you $2200.00. After two
- weeks the DEC 55 contracts are priced at 5. You've lost
- 4 x 100 x (5½ - 5) = $200.00 which is only 9% of your invested
- capital.
-
-
- You can see your financial commitment was greater with in-the-money
- options and your absolute loss was greater, but your percentage
- loss was much smaller.
-
- You must be saying, "gee, with all the losing examples we've had, why
- would anyone want to buy call options"? Well below is an example of the
- plus side of it. The following table shows all December positions
- profitable at expiration:
-
-
- CASE 4: IBM last trade: $70.00, at Dec. expiration.
- Contract Price Contract Price Contract Price
- Dec 55 14 3/4 Jan 55 15½ Mar 55 16
- Dec 60 10 Jan 60 11 Mar 60 11½
- Dec 65 5 Jan 65 6½ Mar 65 7½
-
- Remember those DEC 65 call options we bought for ¼ in Case 1? Well,
- they're worth 5 now! You can calculate the % gain on that one. The DEC
- 55s we bought at 5½ in Case 1 are now worth 14 3/4! Another hefty
- gain!
-
- I'm assuming for this example that the stock price moved up 10
- points in two weeks. That's a lot, but certainly not unheard of.
- Had it moved up a more modest 5 points in that amount of time, all
- the options would have been profitable except for the DEC 65s.
-
- Now, I haven't talked about the January or March series, but you
- can look at the tables and see for yourself how the option prices
- behave with regard to underlying stock price over time.
-
- When I buy options I tend to buy those contracts that are
- in-the-money and longer term. I'll be getting less leverage, but
- I'll also be reducing my risk. Personally, I still think there's
- plenty of leverage in options which are 4 to 6 months in length and
- 3 to 5 bucks in-the-money.
-
- In this example, had I bought one MAR 55 call in Case 1 (initial
- investment 7¼ x 100 = $725.00 before commission), with the
- stock moving up 5 points in two weeks (Case 3), I would have netted
- a profit of 11-7¼ = 3 3/4 x 100 = $375.00 before commission. Had I
- bought 100 shares of the stock instead, I would have made a $500
- profit in the same amount of time, but on an investment of $6000!
-
-
- Monetary gain: option = $375.00
- stock = $500.00
-
- Percentage gain: option = 1100/725 x 100 = 52%
- stock = 6500/6000 x 100 = 8%
-
- >>>>>>>>>>>>> Continued >>>>>>>>>>>>>> <groan!>
-
- Inflating: OPTION3.TXT <to console>
-
- BBS: Channel 1(R) Communications [ATI 2400 v.42] 617-354-7077
- Date: 02-18-93 (14:45) Number: 13469
- To: KIRT MCALEXANDER Refer#: NONE
- From: JACK HOCH Read: NO
- Subj: OPTIONS REPOST 3 OF 3 Status: PUBLIC MSG
- Conf: Finance (52) Direction: FORWARD
-
- Ok, we finally have the end in sight....(are you still sane???) <G>.
-
- Here are some general conclusions:
-
- 1) In-the-money options are less risky than out of the money
- options because in-the-money options possess "intrinsic value".
-
- 2) Your % gains and losses with in-the-money options are normally
- less than those for out of the money options. Less risk and less
- reward.
-
- 3) The further out in time you go for a given strike price, the more
- expensive the option, but the slower the rate of change of price of
- the option.
-
- 4) The "decay rate" of the "time value" for options increases as
- you draw closer to option expiration.
-
- 5) Volatility of the underlying stock greatly affects the premium
- (time value) above the strike price one pays for a given option
- on a stock. The more volatile the stock, the more expensive the
- option premium.
-
- 6) Options = leverage. Using options, you stand to profit or
- lose close to the same amount as if buying the stock, but you're
- using much less principal. However, the odds of "winning"
- with option buying is less because of the time constraints.
-
- 7) Different investors use the leverage provided by options in
- different ways. Combining in-the-money and out-of-the-money
- options allows an investor to define his/her risk.
-
- 8) The most important aspect of option buying relates to the
- quality of the underlying stock. Analyze the stock first, then
- try to find the option which most suits your situation and risk
- tolerance.
-
- Well, I'm fried. I can't believe I went on like this for 3 entire
- messages, but if it does anyone any good then I'll feel vindicated.
- Let's hope the stock market isn't as boring in the future as it
- was today! <g>.
-
- Inflating: OPTIONS.TXT <to console>
-
- BBS: Channel 1(R) Communications [ATI 2400 v.42] 617-354-7077
- Date: 02-18-93 (14:45) Number: 13467
- To: KIRT MCALEXANDER Refer#: NONE
- From: JACK HOCH Read: NO
- Subj: OPTIONS REPOST 1 OF 3 Status: PUBLIC MSG
- Conf: Finance (52) Direction: FORWARD
-
- Reposted by special request:
-
- Recently on another net, I was asked by an individual to help him
- understand a little bit about options. The next thing I knew, the
- stock market was boring and I had expurgated, from the inner
- workings of my cranium, a 3 message litany on options. I've decided
- to post these messages here in RIME Finance in the hopes that there
- may be some lurkers who've always wanted to know something about
- options but were afraid to ask. I figure this will help make up for
- my pseudo MIA status over the past couple of months <G>. Pardon any
- mistakes I may have made.
-
- I don't know your familiarity level with options, so I'll attempt
- to explain the basics as they relate to call options. First, some
- definitions.
-
- Exercise: The process of converting an option to its underlying
- stock.
-
- Strike price: The stock price at which an option becomes exercisable.
-
- In-the-money: An option which you can immediately exercise to buy
- the underlying stock.
-
- Out-of-the-money: An option whose underlying stock has yet to reach
- the 'strike price'.
-
- At-the-money: An option which is reaching the point where it can be
- exercised.
-
- Option price: The price you pay to buy or sell an option contract,
- not including commission.
-
- Time value: That component of option price which decays to
- zero over time. It is the premium you pay for
- the present and/or future right to exercise your
- option once the strike price is reached.
-
- Intrinsic value: That component of option price which reflects the
- true value of your option at expiration.
-
- Let's say you are interested in buying call options on IBM, and for
- our purposes we'll say that the stock is trading at $60.00 per
- share. It's early December. Opening up the paper and looking at
- the options page for IBM might reveal something like this:
-
-
- CASE 1: IBM last trade: $60.00, 2 weeks before expiration.
- Contract Price Contract Price Contract Price
- Dec 55 5½ Jan 55 6½ Mar 55 7¼
- Dec 60 1 Jan 60 3 Mar 60 4
- Dec 65 ¼ Jan 65 1½ Mar 65 3
-
-
- CASE 2: IBM last trade: $60.00, at expiration.
- Contract Price Contract Price Contract Price
- Dec 55 5 Jan 55 5¼ Mar 55 6½
- Dec 60 1/16 Jan 60 1½ Mar 60 3¼
- Dec 65 1/16 Jan 65 3/4 Mar 65 2
-
-
- CASE 3: IBM last trade: $65.00, at expiration.
- Contract Price Contract Price Contract Price
- Dec 55 10 Jan 55 10½ Mar 55 11
- Dec 60 5 Jan 60 6 Mar 60 7
- Dec 65 1/16 Jan 65 2 Mar 65 3
-
-
- Again, these prices are totally hypothetical. Anyway, you can see
- that you have 3 series of call options (a series covers those options
- of like expiration months). The further away from the time of
- expiration, the more expensive the option price (due to time value).
-
- Now, if you wish to assume lots of risk, you'd be interested in buying
- those option contracts which are furthest "out of the money" and closest
- to expiration. In Case 1, that'd be the DEC 65s. They only cost
- $0.25 per contract (1 contract is equivalent to 100 shares of
- stock, so if you buy one contract you really pay $0.25 x 100 =
- $25.00 + commission). However, what you're really buying is the
- right to purchase IBM stock at $65/share any time between now and
- the 3rd Friday of December, which is the date upon which the
- December options expire. If IBM has not reached $65 or greater by
- the time of expiration day, the options expire worthless.
-
- Case 2: IBM stock is trading less than $65/share at the time of
- December options expiration. You can see what has happened to the
- price of the DEC 65 calls. It has fallen from ¼ to 1/16 (which is
- really zero). You've lost 100% of your investment.
-
- Case 3: Now, let's say you bought the DEC 65 calls for ¼ two weeks ago,
- and it's now options expiration day. We'll say IBM is trading at $65
- per share. Even though the stock reached your "strike price" of $65,
- the options you hold are pretty much worthless. Why? Because no one
- wants to pay a premium for the right (which expires today) to buy IBM
- stock at $65 when the stock is trading at $65. There's no profit
- in it. So, you've lost 100% of your investment once again.
-
- >>>>>>>>>>>>> Continued in next message >>>>>>>>>>>>>>
-
-